Al-Qanoon fi Tibb, Ibne Sina, Medicine, القانون فی الطب, ابن سینا, طب, اردو,
Al-Qanoon fi Tibb, Ibne Sina, Medicine, القانون فی الطب, ابن سینا, طب, اردو,
The Canon of Medicine (Arabic: القانون في الطب al-Qānūn fī al-Ṭibb; Persian: قانون در طب, Qanun-e dâr Tâb) is an
encyclopedia of medicine in five books compiled by Persian Muslim
physician-philosopher Avicenna (ابن سینا, Ibn Sina) and
completed in 1025. It presents an overview of the contemporary medical
knowledge of the Islamic world, which had been influenced by earlier traditions
including Greco-Roman medicine (particularly Galen), Persian medicine, Chinese
medicine and Indian medicine.
The Canon of Medicine remained a medical authority for centuries.
It set the standards for medicine in Medieval Europe and the Islamic world and
was used as a standard medical textbook through the 18th century in Europe. It
is an important text in Unani medicine, a form of traditional medicine
practiced in India.
Title
The English title The Canon of Medicine is a translation of the Arabic
title القانون في الطب (al-Qānūn fī aṭ-Ṭibb),
with "canon" (translated in English to "law") used in the sense
of "law"
Development
The medical traditions of Galen and thereby Hippocrates, had dominated
Islamic medicine from its beginnings. Avicenna sought to fit these traditions
into Aristotle's natural philosophy. He began writing the Canon in Gorganj,
continued in Rey and completed it in Hamadan in 1025. The result was a
"clear and ordered "summa" of all the medical knowledge of Ibn
Sīnā's time". It served as a more concise reference in contrast to Galen's
twenty volumes of medical corpus.
Legacy and reception
A Latin copy of the Canon of Medicine, dated 1484, located at the P.I.
Nixon Medical Historical Library of the University of Texas Health Science
Center at San Antonio.
The Qanun was translated into Latin as Canon medicinae by Gerard of
Cremona. (Confusingly, there appear to have been two men called Gerard of
Cremona, both translators of Arabic texts into Latin. Ostler states that it was
the later of these, also known as Gerard de Sabloneta, who translated the Qanun
(and other medical works) into Latin in the 13th century.) The encyclopaedic
content, systematic arrangement, and combination of Galen's medicine with
Aristotle's science and philosophy helped the Canon enter European scholastic
medicine. Medical scholars started to use the Canon in the 13th century, while
university courses implemented the text from the 14th century onwards. The
Canon's influence declined in the 16th century as a result of humanists'
preference in medicine for ancient Greek and Roman authorities over Arabic
authorities, although others defended Avicenna's innovations beyond the
original classical texts. It fell out of favour in university syllabi, although
it was still being taught as background literature as late as 1715 in Padua.
The earliest known copy of volume 5 of the Canon of Medicine (dated
1052) is held in the collection of the Aga Khan and is housed in the Aga Khan
Museum in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The earliest printed edition of the Latin
Canon appeared in 1472, but only covering book 3. Soon after, eleven complete
incunables were published, followed by fourteen more Latin editions in the 16th
century until 1608.
In addition to Latin, the Canon of Medicine was translated into Hebrew
by Nathan ha-Meati during the 13th century, and complete translations were also
made into Turkish and Persian during the 18th century.
William Osler described the Canon as "the most famous medical
textbook ever written," noting that it remained "a medical bible for
a longer time than any other work."
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